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Rt Hon Ben Chifley
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Political party	Labor

Joseph Benedict Chifley (22 September, 1885 – 13 June, 1951), Australian politician and 16th Prime Minister of Australia, was one of Australia's most influential Prime Ministers. Among his government's accomplishments were the post-war immigration scheme under Arthur Calwell, the establishment of Australian citizenship in 1949, the Snowy Mountains Scheme, the national airline TAA, a social security scheme for the unemployed, and the founding of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO). One of the few successful referendums to modify the Australian Constitution took place during his term.

Early life (1885-1917)

Born in Bathurst, New South Wales, Chifley was the son of a blacksmith of Irish Catholic descent. He was one of four brothers and was raised mostly by his grandfather, who lost all his savings in the bank crash of 1892: Chifley acquired his lifelong dislike of the private banks early. He was educated at Catholic schools in Bathurst, and joined the New South Wales Railways at 15.

Ben Chifley became an engine driver, which was a skilled and responsible position. He was one of the founders of the AFULE (the Australian Federated Union of Locomotive Enginemen)^[1] and an active member of the Labor Party. In 1914 he married Elizabeth Mackenzie. She was a Presbyterian; Chifley left the Roman Catholic Church to marry her and never returned. In 1917 he was one of the leaders of a prolonged strike which resulted in his being dismissed. He was reinstated by the Jack Lang New South Wales Labor government in 1920. He represented his union before industrial tribunals and taught himself industrial law.

Early Political career (1928-44)

In 1928, at his second try, Chifley won the Bathurst-based seat of Macquarie in the House of Representatives. He was in general a supporter of the James Scullin government's economic policies, and in 1931 he became Minister for Defence. At the 1931 general election, the Scullin government fell and Chifley lost his seat. During the Depression he survived on his wife's family's money and his part-ownership of the Bathurst newspaper the National Advocate.

In 1935 the Lyons government appointed him a member of the Royal Commission on Banking, a subject on which he had become an expert. He submitted a minority report advocating that the private banks be nationalised.

Chifley finally won his seat back in 1940, and the following year he became Treasurer (finance minister) in John Curtin's Labor government. Although Frank Forde was Curtin's deputy, Chifley became the minister Curtin most relied on, and he controlled most domestic policy while Curtin was preoccupied with the war effort. He presided over the massive increases in government expenditure and taxation that accompanied the war, and imposed a regime of economic regulation that made him very unpopular with business and the press.

Prime Minister (1945-49)

When Curtin died in July 1945, Forde became (very briefly) Prime Minister, but Chifley defeated him in the leadership ballot and replaced him six days later. Once the war ended, normal political life resumed, and Chifley faced Robert Menzies and his new Liberal Party in the 1946 election, which Chifley comfortably won. In the post-war years, Chifley maintained wartime economic controls including the highly unpopular petrol rationing. He did this partly to help Britain in its postwar economic difficulties.

Feeling secure in power, Chifley decided it was time to advance towards Labor's objective of democratic socialism. In 1947 he announced the government's intention to nationalise the banks. This provoked massive opposition from the press, and middle-class opinion turned against Labor. The High Court of Australia eventually found Chifley's legislation to be unconstitutional.

In the winter of 1949 a prolonged and bitter strike in the coal industry caused unemployment and hardship. Chifley saw the strike as a move by the Communist Party to challenge Labor's place as the party of the working class, and he sent in the army to break the strike. Despite this, Menzies exploited the rising Cold War hysteria to portray Labor as soft on Communism.

These events, together with a perception that Chifley and Labor had grown increasingly arrogant in office, led to the sweeping Liberal election victory of December 1949. Chifley was now aged 64 and in poor health (like Curtin he was a lifelong smoker), but he refused to retire. Labor had retained control of the Senate and Chifley intended frustrating the Menzies government and returning to power. But in 1951 Menzies introduced his bill to ban the Communist Party, which Chifley opposed on civil liberties grounds.

Menzies exploited this issue to call a double dissolution election in April 1951, and succeeded in winning control of both Houses at the election. A few weeks later Chifley died of a heart attack in his room at the Kurrajong Hotel in Canberra (he had lived there throughout his Prime Ministership, having refused to reside at The Lodge). Menzies heard of Chifley's demise while attending an official function at the Albert Hall in Canberra, to mark fifty years of Australian Federation. Normally impassive, "Ming the Merciless" (as his foes called him) had difficulty on this occasion in fighting back tears; and he ordered that the function be brought to an end, as a mark of respect to his predecessor and adversary.

"Chifley legend"

Like Curtin, Chifley has been made a secular saint by the labour movement, but the basis of the "Chifley legend" is somewhat different. Curtin is remembered mainly for his wartime leadership and forging the US-Australia Alliance. Chifley is remembered by the left as the only Labor Prime Minister who tried to implement the party's socialist objective. The fact that this preceded an electoral defeat and 23 years in opposition has not detracted from this esteem.

More than 30 years after his death, Chifley's name still aroused partisan passions. In 1987 the New South Wales Labor government decided to name the planned new university in Sydney's western suburbs Chifley University. When, in 1989, a new Liberal government renamed it the University of Western Sydney, controversy broke out. According to a (see [1]) debate on the topic, held in 1997 after the Labor Party had regained government, the decision to rename Chifley University reflected a desire to attach the name of Chifley to institutions of lasting significance, and that idea ultimately received the support of Bob Carr, later the Premier of New South Wales.

Other namings of places and institutions after Chifley have proved more successful. There is an Australian hotel chain, a central Sydney building and square, and two suburbs (in Canberra and Sydney), named after him. Several public high schools in Western Sydney are now known as Chifley College. Many of his reforms also remain in place.

Chifley had lived apart from his wife for many years: his secretary, Phyllis Donnelly, was with him when he died. Long-held suspicions that she had been his lover were confirmed in David Day's 2001 biography.

The light on the hill

"I try to think of the Labour movement, not as putting an extra sixpence into somebody's pocket, or making somebody Prime Minister or Premier, but as a movement bringing something better to the people, better standards of living, greater happiness to the mass of the people. We have a great objective - the light on the hill - which we aim to reach by working the betterment of mankind not only here but anywhere we may give a helping hand. If it were not for that, the Labour movement would not be worth fighting for." Excerpt from The light on the hill speech, 12 June, 1949.

Popular culture

• In the 1988 mini series True Believers, Chifley was portrayed by Ed Devereaux.
• In the 2007 film Curtin, he was portrayed by Geoff Morrell.

See also

• First Chifley Ministry
• Second Chifley Ministry
• 1949 Australian coal strike
• The light on the hill

Notes and references

Further reading

• Ben Chifley, Things Worth Fighting For (collected speeches), Melbourne University Press, 1952
• L F Crisp, Ben Chifley: A Political Biography, Longman, Green and Co, 1961
• David Day, Chifley, HarperCollins, 2001
• Duncan Waterson, Australian Dictionary of Biography Vol. 13 A-D pp. 412-420, Melbourne University Press, 1993

External links

• Ben Chifley - Australia's Prime Ministers / National Archives of Australia
• Chifley Research Centre
• Chifley College, Sydney

Political offices
Preceded by John Daly	Minister for Defence 1931 – 1932	Succeeded by George Pearce
Preceded by Sir Arthur Fadden	Treasurer of Australia 1941 – 1949	Succeeded by Sir Arthur Fadden
Preceded by Frank Forde	Prime Minister of Australia 1945 – 1949	Succeeded by Robert Menzies
Preceded by Robert Menzies	Leader of the Opposition 1949 – 1951	Succeeded by H.V. Evatt
Parliament of Australia
Preceded by Arthur Manning	Member for Macquarie 1928 – 1931	Succeeded by John Lawson
Preceded by John Lawson	Member for Macquarie 1940 – 1951	Succeeded by Anthony Luchetti
Party political offices
Preceded by John Curtin	Leader of the Australian Labor Party 1945 – 1951	Succeeded by H.V. Evatt

Prime Ministers of Australia
Barton | Deakin | Watson | Reid | Fisher | Cook | Hughes | Bruce | Scullin | Lyons | Page | Menzies | Fadden | Curtin | Forde | Chifley | Holt | McEwen | Gorton | McMahon | Whitlam | Fraser | Hawke | Keating | Howard

•  • [ e] Leaders of the Australian Labor Party
Watson | Fisher | Hughes | Tudor | Charlton | Scullin | Curtin | Chifley | Evatt | Calwell | Whitlam | Hayden | Hawke | Keating | Beazley | Crean | Latham | Beazley | Rudd

1949 Australian coal strike Arthur Manning Australian federal election, 1946 Australian federal election, 1951 Australian Labor Party Chifley Chifley Tower Deputy Prime Minister of Australia Directive for the Establishment and Maintenance of a Security Service Division of Macquarie

Frank Forde H. V. Evatt Holden 48-215 Lang Labor List of Australian Prime Ministers by state List of Australian Prime Ministers by time served List of political career biographies Prime Minister of Australia Robert Menzies More results